References for Bio-Identical Hormone Replacement and Route of Administration

1. Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on hypertensive postmenopausal women; Maria Grazia Modena, Rosella Molinari, Nicola MuiaJr , Annadele Castelli, Francesca Pala and Rosario Rossi
American Journal of Hypertension; pp. 1000-1008

2. Effects of Oral and Transdermal Estrogen/Progesterone Regimens on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Postmenopausal Women : A Randomized Controlled Trial
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:3071-3078

3. Effects of Hormone-Replacement Therapy on Fibrinolysis in Postmenopausal Women
N Engl J Med. 1997;336:683-690

4. Natural Estrogens: A Review of the Primary Literature
Intl J Pharm Compounding 2000 Mar/Apr;4(2):110-113

5. Rational for Bio-Identical HRT in Atherosclerosis Prevention
J Reprod Med 2000 Mar;45(3Suppl):245-48

6. Transdermal Progesterone for Vasomotor Symptoms and Postmenopausal Bone Loss.
Obstet Gynecol 1999 Aug;94(2):225-8

7. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The PEPI trial.
JAMA 1995;273:199-208

8. Med Clin North Am 1995 Nov;79(6):1337-56

9. Comparison of Regimens Containing Oral Micronized Progesterone or Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey.
J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000;9:381-87

10. Progesterone vs. Medroxyprogesterone in Postmenopausal Women with Coronary Artery Disease
J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Dec;36(7):2154-9

11. Medroxyprogesterone Interferes with Ovarian Steroid Protection Against Coronary Vasospasm.
Nat Med 1997;3:324-327

12. Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy with Continuous Daily Oral Micronized Estradiol and Progesterone
Obstet Gynecol 1989 Apr;73(4):606-12

13. Transdermal Estradiol and Oral Micronized Progesterone: Effect on Menopausal Symptoms, Lipid Metabolism and Patient Acceptance
Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000 Jul 28;112(14):629-33

14. Influence of Route of Administration on Progesterone and Estrogen Metabolism
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13 Suppl 6:1457-66
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988 Nov;159(5):1203-9
Maturitas 1995 Apr;21(3):251-7

15. Natural Progesterone and Antihypertensive Action
Br Med J 1985;290:13-14

16. 17B-Estradiol, its Metabolites and Progesterone Inhibit Cardiac Fibroblast Growth.
Hypertension 1998;31(Part2):522-528

17. Women Prefer Natural Progesterone Over Synthetic
Mayo Clinic Women’s Healthsource August 1999

18. Transdermal Administration of Progesterone to Improve Systemic Bioavailability
Maturitas 1993 Dec;18(1):65-72

19. A Decade of Experience with Transdermal Estrogen Replacement Therapy: Overview of Key Pharmacologic and Clinical Findings
Int J Fertil 38 (2), 1993 pp. 79-91

20. Estriol Therapy for Menopausal Women
Chin Med J (Taipei) 1995;55:386-91

21. Estriol, the Forgotten Estrogen?
JAMA 1978 Jan;239(1)29-30

22. An Alternative Method of Hormone Replacement Therapy Using the Natural Sex Steroids
Menopause 1995 Oct;6(4):653-74

23. A Controlled Trial of Intravaginal Estriol in Postmenopausal Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
New Eng J of Med 1993 Sept;329(11)753-56

24. Effect of Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement on Circulating Androgens
Obstet Gynecol 1997;Vol. 90, No. 6:995-8

25. Testosterone Deficiency and Supplementation for Women: What Do We Need to Know?
Menopause Management 1996;Sept/Oct:10-1523

26. Transdermal Estrogen Therapy in Postmenopausal Women: gel vs. patch
Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997 Nov;104 Suppl 16

27. Progesterone as a Bone-Trophic Hormone
Endocr Rev 1990;11:386-98

28. Osteoporosis Reversal The Role of Progesterone
Int Clin Nut Rev 1990 July;10(3)384-91

29. Osteoporosis Reversal with Transdermal Progesterone
Lancet 1990;336:1327

30. Randomized, controlled comparison of transdermal estradiol with oral conjugated estrogens for the relief of hot flushes
Clin Drug Invest 2000;20:207-214

31. Efficacy and safety of oral estriol for managing postmenopausal symptoms.
Maturitas 2000;34:169-177

32. Estriol (E3) replacement improves endothelial function and bone mineral density in very elderly women.
J Geronotol A Biol Schi Med Sci 2000;55:B183-B190; discussion B191-193

33. Progesterone inhibits arterial smooth muscle cell proliferat
Nat Med 1997;3:1005-1008

34. Reduced Estriol Excretion in Patients with Breast Cancer prior to Endocrine Therapy
JAMA vol.196,(1966) pp 1128-36

35. Clinical and Experimental Aspects of the Anti-Mammary Carcinogenic Activity of Estriol
Frontiers of Hormonal Research, Vol.5 no.1(1977) pp 155-73

36. Estriol Prevention of Mammary Carcinoma Induced by 7,12 Dimethylbenzanthracene and Procarbazine
Cancer Research, vol.35,(1975)pp 1341-53

37. Oestriol and Prevention of Breast Cancer
Lancet, vol.1, no.802 (1973) pp 546-47

38. Pathophysiologic Considerations in the Treatment of Menopausal Patients with Oestrogens; The Role of Oestriol in the Prevention on Mammary Carcinoma
Acta Endocrinologica, vol.233, suppl.(1980)pp 17-27

39. Gavin NI, Thorp JM, Ohsfeldt RL. Determinants of hormone replacement therapy duration among postmenopausal women with intact uteri. [option to try different types and strengths of HRT has been shown to be a statistically significant factor in the decision to continue HRT]
Menopause 2001 Sep-Oct;8(5):377-383

40. The metabolism of estradiol; oral compared to intravenous administration C. Longcope, S. Gorbach, B. Goldin, M. Woods, J. Dwyer and J. Warram
J Steroid Biochem. 1985;23:1065-1070

41. Comparison of effects of continuous combined transdermal with oral estrogen and oral progestogen replacement therapies on serum lipoproteins and compliance
Climacteric. 2001;4:228-234

This is a representative list and is not meant to be exhaustive. Balanced interpretation of these and other studies is available in many reference books.